| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Jakhanke people ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Jakhanke people
The Jakhanke people (var. Diakhanké, Diakanké, or Diakhankesare) are a Manding-speaking ethnic group in the Senegambia region, often classified as a subgroup of the larger Soninke.〔Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan. ''Almanac of African peoples & nations''. Transaction Publishers, 1999 ISBN 978-1-56000-433-2 p. 280〕 The Jakhanke have historically constituted a specialized caste of professional Muslim clerics (''ulema'') and educators.〔Lamin O. Sanneh. ''The Jakhanke: The history of an Islamic clerical people of the Senegambia''. London (1979) ISBN 978-0-85302-059-2〕 Today they form a defined ethnic group within Soninke society, who number approximately 13,000 people in four nations.〔 They are centered on one larger group in Guinea, with smaller populations in the Gambia, Senegal, and in Mali (near the Guinean border). They speak a Manding language called Jahanke, very similar to Western Malinke.〔 Although technically considered members of the Soninke ethnic group (a Mandé people descending from the Bafour), the Jakhanke prefer to be called Serakulle or Sarakolé, a variation of the Soninke name. Since the fifteenth century the Jakhanke clerical communities have constituted an integral part of region and have exercised a high level of economic and religious influence upon Soninke as well as related Manding speaking communities such as the (Dyula and Mandinka) in what is now Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and The Gambia.〔 While grown out of a religious caste of the Sarakolé, the Jahanke are equally famed as merchants, operating trade routes, especially dealing in coastal rice, from the Guinea and Gambian coasts to the interior from at least the 17th century.〔Philip D. Curtin. "Jihad in West Africa: early phases and inter-relations in Mauritania and Senegal". ''The Journal of African History'' (1971), 12:11-24〕 In this way they are often compared with the Dyula, who formed a trade diaspora from the heartlands of the Mali Empire to the coast of what is today Côte d'Ivoire.〔Juliet E.K. Walker. "Trade Markets in Precolonial West and Central Africa..." in Thomas D. Boston(ed.) ''A Different Vision: Race and public policy''. Volume 2 of African American Economic Thought Series: Routledge, 1997 ISBN 978-0-415-09591-4 pp.206-253, p.217〕 Today Jakhanke are as likely to be farmers as merchants or scholars.〔
==Historical background==
The Jakhanke cultural ethos is best characterized by a staunch dedication to Islam, historical accuracy, rejection of jihad, non-involvement in political affairs and the religious instruction of young people. Formation of their regional Islamic identity began shortly after contact with Muslim Almoravid traders from North Africa in 1065, when Soninke nobles in Takrur (along the Senegal River in present-day Senegal) embraced Islam, being among the earliest sub-Saharan ethnic groups to follow the teachings of Muhammad.
In Senegambia, the Jakhanke inhabited scattered towns and villages in Futa Jallon, Futa Bundu, Dentilia, Bambuk, and other places. By 1725, at least fifteen Jakhanke villages were located in what would become Bundu.〔Michael A. Gomez, (''Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad'' )〕 They claim to originate in Ja on the Niger River and Jahaba on the Bafing River, from which they moved to Bundu, Futa Jallon and Gambia. The Jakhanke were not primarily merchants, but agriculturists supported by slave labor. The various Jakhanke villages were independent of each other and of the local chiefs. The Jakhanke were committed to peaceful coexistence and refused to become engaged in politics or war. When threatened, they simply relocated their villages into safer territory. Often their villages enjoyed the privileges of sanctuary, judicial independence, and freedom from military service.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Jakhanke people」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|